Your email address will not be published. Finally he wrote: Happy father, Ptolemy, because with your son you enjoy the age! Eratosthenes' other contributions include: The Sieve of Eratosthenes as a way of finding prime numbers. He believed that the celestial bodies revolved around the Earth. He calculated the size of the Earth using geometry and ratios based on sun observations. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He had become blind in his old age and could no longer work by 195 BCE. Eratosthenes analyzed the observations with the assumption that the earth is a sphere and the sun is very far away. He also measured the degree of obliquity of the ecliptic (in effect, the tilt of Earths axis) and wrote a treatise on the octateris, an eight-year lunar-solar cycle. Geography is derived from the Greek words geo (the Earth in its broadest sense) and graphos (graphos (graphy), which means to write about. To write about the Earth in a literal sense. Within about five years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. That is why he thought that he would arrive in Asia on his journey and did not realize that a new continent had arrived. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2012-2023 On Secret Hunt - All Rights Reserved He may have measured the distances from Earth to both the Moon and to the Sun, but the historical accounts of both deeds are rather cryptic. Like any young Greek at the time, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium, where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, and music.[9]. At that time he also wrote Peri agathn kai kakn, a text that was lost. He estimated the Earths circumference to be nearly 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). Here Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene, wherein at noon each summer solstice, the Sun's rays shone straight down into the city-center well. Thu, the different type of pecialized text will vary according to the ubject and p All Rights Reserved warbletoncouncil.org - 2023. Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. Arab and Muslim contribution to geography was not only confined to astronomical and mathematical geography, but rather covered a wide range of the branches of the discipline known at the present time. He could then use simple proportions to find the Earths circumference 7.2 degrees is 1/50 of 360 degrees, so 800 times 50 equals 40,000 kilometers. However, he never wanted to specialize in a single subject, for which some reproached him. He created one of the earliest maps of the known world between 276-195 BC, but his greatest contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. Defending the theory that vision is due to a flow emanating from the eye, Ptolemy analyzed the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors, and its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media. Then numbers that are not prime are discarded. At the Library of Alexandria, he was the chief librarian where he read books on a variety of disciplines that expanded his knowledge extensively. Eckerman, C. (2011). A new play celebrates the 17th-Century Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, who defied her rape and torture through masterful paintings. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. He was a renowned mathematician, poet, geographer, astronomer, and music theorist. Eratosthenes had a significant impact on geography. [6] He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes, [7] He measure accurate length of equator, [8] Circumferences of the earth by Eratosthenes 25000 miles, but actual 24860 miles, PDF Name: Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Notes by Netset Corner, Chronologically Arranged Schools and Associate Scholars. For other uses, see. Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. In the Geography the names of over 400 cities and their locations were shown, which had never been achieved before. He was the founder of Geography and holds the credit to calculate the circumference of the Earth. [9], The measurement of Earth's circumference is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes,[13] who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia (39,060 to 40,320 kilometres (24,270 to 25,050mi)), with an error on the real value between 2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres (509 and 525ft)). Omissions? Location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and geography are the five themes of geography. Read about the life of Eratosthenes. in. Eratosthenes was a Greek scientist who lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Updates? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. He remained the librarian for about 40 years till his death. It starts with 2 and all the numbers that are multiples of that first digit are crossed out, then the same is done with the next number that is not crossed out and so on. Greeks-create Maps of Med. Eratosthenes was a man of many talents. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. He created a device called the mesolabe, a kind of abacus for measurements and proportions, which he dedicated to King Ptolemy III. Greek Scholar's Work Shows Usefulness of Measurement. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c. 275-194 BC). He believed it was a fixed globe whose changes only took place on the surface. And afterwards, Uranio Zeus, may the scepter of your hand guide it. For his studies on the earth, Eratosthenes is known as the "father of geography." Other things that Eratosthenes thought but did not turn out to be: the fact that the earth is a perfect sphere, that Alexandria is exactly north of Siena, and that the sun's rays are perfectly parallel. Despite his great contributions to science, his work was not replicated by many others, apparently because he did not get enough students to pass on his discoveries and theories. Rist, J.M. The prime meridian plotted by Ptolemy was used by the Arabs for the calculation of time and longitudes. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude . [9] He wrote poems: one in hexameters called Hermes, illustrating the god's life history; and another in elegiacs, called Erigone, describing the suicide of the Athenian maiden Erigone (daughter of Icarius). Eratosthenes died in his 80s in Alexandria, Egypt. The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term "geography" between 275 and 194 BC. 22, No. Known For: Eratosthenes was a Greek polymath who became known as the father of geography. % complete . Of the four people named as his students in Suda, three cannot be identified with certainty and were therefore hardly important scientists. Among the archives that were at the disposal of Eratosthenes, the distance between Siena and Alexandria was stated to be 5000 stadia. Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. Marcotte, D. (1998). Eratosthenes also calculated the distance from the Earth to the Moon and to the Sun, but with less accuracy. Scientific Oceanography James Cook - 1768- HMS Endeavor very talented navigator, cartographer, writer, artist diplomat, sailor, scientist, dietition Scientific Contributions: 1. He also claimed that the rivers source was lakes. In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: ), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. Eratosthenes was educated in philosophy and mathematics in Athens. III. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. The first number following two that is not crossed off will be . [10] He then studied under Aristo of Chios, who led a more cynical school of philosophy. (2004/2006). A librarian named Hipparchus later placed lines of longitude at regular intervals, and this was improved even more by Ptolemy, who added cardinal directions and divided degrees into minutes and seconds. Technology such as electronics and space travel have provided important contributions to oceanography. Learn everything about the Oceanography from scratch and become a master of this topic with quiz based flashcards. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. Eratosthenes made calculations in which he discovered that in a year there were 365 days and every four years there were 366 days. Phoenicians (from what is now Syria and Lebanon) navigated and traded around Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Africa; 2000BC 2. During the period in which Eratosthenes was in charge of the Library of Alexandria, great advances were made in it. He concluded that the circumference of the earth was about 50 times greater than the distance from Alexandria to Aswan. Biography. [8], The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. The book written by him describes the ekumene (inhabited) world. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. Tiberias Nyc Reservations, ISBN: 978-0-691-14267-8. The Greeks made tremendous advancements in the fields of geomorphology, climatology and oceanography. Was nicknamed Beta by other Greeks of his time, in reference to the second letter of the alphabet. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Contribution of Greeks to Mathematical and Physical Geography! % complete First maps showing water (river charts) 3800 B.C. Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. The [] Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt . At the age of about 50 he returned to Alexandria and soon became director of the Library. So he studied there, and briefly in Athens as well. The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c. 275194 BC). The first spot has to go to the man who coined the term geography, Eratosthenes (c.275-194 BC). He accurately depicted the Niles route to Khartoum, as well as the two Ethiopian tributaries. He noted that the Suns rays fell vertically at noon in Syene (now Aswn), Egypt, at the summer solstice. However, a simplified version of the method has been preserved, as described by Cleomedes.[15]. He established the value of each degree in 700 stadiums and a total circumference of 252,000, corresponding to approximately 39,691 kilometers, since the stadium was a difficult measure to determine. Eratosthenes' other contributions include: The Sieve of Eratosthenes as a way of finding prime numbers. Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. What did Eratosthenes study? Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. Eratosthenes was born around 276 B.C., which is now Shahhat, Libya. So he trained and became famous as an academic. After study in Alexandria and Athens, Eratosthenes settled in Alexandria about 255 bce and became director of the great library there. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. Eratosthenes united and organized in this work different information that he found in the Library of Alexandria. Although Eratosthenes method was well founded, the accuracy of his calculation was inherently limited. James Rennell has been dubbed the Father of Indian Geography, as well as the Father of Oceanography for his pioneering work on oceanography. The word geography comes from a Middle French word that was first used in 1540. At Syene (now Aswn), some 800 km (500 miles) southeast of Alexandria in Egypt, the Suns rays fall vertically at noon at the summer solstice. Eratosthenes' method of measuring Earth's circumference, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eratosthenes, Famous Scientists - Biography of Eratosthenes, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Who Eratosthenes was and what his contribution to math is? "La climatologie d'ratosthne Posidonios: gense d'une science humaine". There it remained, approximately, for 25 years. Required fields are marked *. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy, including Ptolemy IV Philopator who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh. Eratosthenes also did other things that are known today. Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. This, so it happens, and when seeing the offering, someone says: this is the work of the Cyrenean Eratosthenes. He studied in Athens at the Lyceum. Research into physical oceanography included Strabo, who observed volcanic activity and concluded that land was not totally static. He also measured the length of the shadow on the ground. Ben-Avraham et al. He also dedicated to Eratosthenes The method. Eratosthenes made major contributions to geography. Pacific Ocean- Largest, deepest, lots of islands and seamounts. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) was an Ancient Greek scientist and philosopher who did work in astronomy, geometry, geography, mathematics, as well as poetry and history. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. Eratosthenes was born in approximately 276 BC. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What. Geographys History. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. 1. I. Eratosthenes made maps, both of the world and sky and is said to have made a map that includes 675 stars. [2][3] He was also the first to calculate Earth's axial tilt, which has also proved to have remarkable accuracy. There was the great bookstore, a museum and a school of advanced studies. The nematode They are a group of animal that are characterized by having a cylindrical body, without egmentation. Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. Who can fully deduct traditional IRA contributions? Eratosthenes (c. 276194 bce), who had prepared a map of the Nile valley southward to the latitude of modern Khartoum, anticipated the correct answer when he reported that heavy rains had been observed to fall in the upper reaches of the river and that these History at your fingertips Oceanography Chapter 1 Oceanography Oceanus would be a better name for Earth, since oceans cover 70% surface (most major cities, resources, etc. "Ptolemy's System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes' Geography". The role of p ychologi t in relation to mental health and well-being i extremely important today, and it i not urpri ing that many people have the need to go to p ychotherapy e ion or require p ycholo Few mu ician have o marked the future of modern mu ic a Michael Jack on, con idered the King of Pop. Kerry Liverpool Supporters Club, Cnidus, 342337 BC), Greek mathematician and astronomer who significantly advanced proportion theory, contributed to the identification of constellations in the Greek world and thus the development of observational astronomy, and created the first sophisticated, geometrical model of celestial motion. Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. He also suggested that lakes were the source of the river. Corrections? He calculated the Earth's circumference. Geographika had 3 volumes. The course consists of an extensive examination of physical and cultural factors that contribute to and produce the variable character of the earth's surface and a discussion of the significance of . He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. Besides navigation, Eratosthenes also measured the Earths circumference fairly well. [25], This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. The 200-foot ship was three-masted, square-rigged, and built of wood. Eratosthenes may have been the first to use the word geography. Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography Eratosthenes (276-194 BC) Eratosthenes was a Greek mathematician, geographer, astronomer & poet. The ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes is dubbed the father of geography. He was the first to use the word geography, and he also had a small-scale understanding of the planet that helped him determine the earths circumference. He was the first prose writer. We do not know what he looked like. "Zeno and Stoic Consistency," in Phronesis. He also calculated the Earths tilt axis. b. Eratosthenes He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. He made a catalog of 675 stars. Despite the fact that in Greek times young people from wealthy families had more access to education, there were male academies. He also suggested that lakes were the source of the river. Their achievements in climatology, oceanography, geomorphology, linear measurements, determination of cardinal points, limits of habitable world, sprawl of continents and oceans are highly appreciable. . [6], Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes. So, he measured the angle of elevation during the same period and at the same time in Alexandria with the help of a gnomon. to find all prime numbers between any two integers. Life. 22.40, the Sieve of Eratosthenes, so that, if the number the user inputs into the program is not prime, the program displays the prime factors of the number. Eratosthenes was born in Cyrene which is now in Libya in North Africa. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Eratosthenes died in Alexandria, approximately in 194 BC, when he was 82 years old. He worked in geography to try to figure out why the Nile river had such a regular flood pattern, and hypothesized that it was because of heavy rain upstream. Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. This method consisted of creating a table with natural numbers between 2 and the desired quantity. Explanation: Eratosthenes was a geographer and mathematician from Ancient Greece who is known for using geometry to determine the circumference of the Earth. It is a large, submerged massif, about 120 km long and 80 km wide. Oceanography; Geography of Environment; Population & Settlement Geography; Economic Geography; . (Of the measurements of the Earth). Guillaumin (eds.). Cyrene was founded by Greeks from Thera before 600 BC, and it prospered as an independent city until the arrival of the Hellenic era. Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) The name Earth is an English/German name which simply means the ground. Shcheglov, D.A. Using the precise data that Tycho had collected, Kepler discovered that the orbit of Mars was an ellipse. 4. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. Also with one of his students, Aristn de Chios, of whom he wrote a biography. Some time ago he had gone blind from cataracts and is believed to have committed suicide by starvation. Why do you suppose the residents of Alexandria became hostile to the librarians and the many achievements of the library? Later he joined the Platonists as a pupil of Arcesilao.It was then that Eratosthenes created a work called Platonicus, in which, following Plato's method, he explored mathematical and cosmological issues. Hutchinson's Biography Database 1. He found the circumference of the Earth to be nearly 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). The first place must go to Eratosthenes, the man who coined the term geography between 275 and 194 BC. He studied astronomy, geography, and math. He was nicknamed Beta because he was great at many things and tried to get his hands on every bit of information but never achieved the highest rank in anything; Strabo accounts Eratosthenes as a mathematician among geographers and a geographer among mathematicians.[25]. The children were trained from the age of seven in subjects such as literature, sports and music.